Logic Gates

INFO

I don't even know myself.

NOT Chip

Output is always the opposite of the input
Input low → Output high
Input high → Output low

AND Chip

Output is 1 only if all inputs are 1
Any 0 input makes the output 0

NAND Chip

Opposite of AND
Output is 0 only if all inputs are 1
Otherwise output is 1

OR Chip

Output is 1 if at least one input is 1
Output is 0 only if all inputs are 0

NOR Chip

Opposite of OR
Output is 1 only if all inputs are 0
Any 1 input makes the output 0

XOR Chip

Output is 1 if the number of 1 inputs is odd
With 3 inputs → Output is 1 for 1 or 3 highs

XNOR Chip

Opposite of XOR
Output is 1 if the number of 1 inputs is even
With 3 inputs → Output is 1 for 0 or 2 highs

PAL Chip

Programmable logic device
Can perform many logic functions in one chip
Uses a Karnaugh map: inputs select a square, and the square’s value sets the output

Schmitt Trigger Chip

Cleans up noisy signals
Output = 0 if input < 1V
Output = 1 if input ≥ 3V
Between 1V and 3V → output stays the same
Prevents oscillation in undefined voltage ranges

D Flip-Flop Chip

Stores the D input value on the rising edge of the clock
Output keeps the stored value until the next clock edge
Works like a 1-bit memory cell

Oscillator Chip

Outputs a square wave signal
Frequency depends on input voltage
Higher voltage → higher frequency

JK Flip-Flop Chip

Stores or changes output based on inputs J and K when clock rises
J=1 K=0 → Output = 1
J=0 K=1 → Output = 0
J=0 K=0 → Output stays the same
J=1 K=1 → Output toggles each clock pulse

OpAmp Chip

High-gain amplifier, used here as a comparator
Compares + input vs – input
If + > – → Output = 5V (1)
If – > + → Output = 0V (0)

PID Regulator Chip

Controller for managing processes
Adjustable constants: Kp, Ki, Kd
Start with only Kp and set Ki and Kd to 0 if unsure

Amplifier Chip

Boosts signal voltage by a set factor
Output range: 0 to 5V max